The study of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) is rapidly progressing in many aspects. Novel
BoNTs are being discovered owing to next generation sequencing, but their biologic and …

Objective To review the literature on the mechanism of action of onabotulinumtoxinA in
chronic migraine. Background OnabotulinumtoxinA is a chronic migraine preventive …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are produced by anaerobic bacteria of the genus
Clostridium and cause a persistent paralysis of peripheral nerve terminals, which is known …

Botulinum neurotoxins are diverse proteins. They are currently represented by at least seven
serotypes and more than 40 subtypes. New clostridial strains that produce novel neurotoxin …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) and tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) are the most potent toxins
known and cause botulism and tetanus, respectively. BoNTs are also widely utilized as …

Botulinum toxin (BoNT) has been used for the treatment of a variety of neurologic, medical
and cosmetic conditions. Two serotypes, type A (BoNT-A) and type B (BoNT-B), are currently …

Despite being the most abundant synaptic vesicle membrane protein, the function of
synaptophysin remains enigmatic. For example, synaptic transmission was reported to be …

An interdisciplinary European group of clinical experts in the field of movement disorders
and experienced Botulinum toxin users has updated the consensus for the use of Botulinum …

A group of clinicians from across Europe experienced in the use of botulinum toxin type A for
the treatment of spasticity following acquired brain injury gathered to develop a consensus …

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), the causative agent of botulism, is acknowledged to be the
most poisonous protein known. BoNT proteases disable synaptic vesicle exocytosis by …