The increasing importance of studies on soft matter and their impact on new technologies,
including those associated with nanotechnology, has brought intermolecular and surface …

This article reviews the progress of atomic force microscopy in ultrahigh vacuum, starting
with its invention and covering most of the recent developments. Today, dynamic force …

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was introduced in 1986 and has since made its way into
surface science, nanoscience, chemistry, biology, and material science as an imaging and …

THE forces between colloidal particles dominate the behaviour of a great variety of
materials, including paints, paper, soil, clays and (in some circumstances) cells. Here we …

We address three problems that limit the use of the atomic force microscope when
measuring elastic moduli of soft materials at microscopic scales. The first concerns the use …

Friction, wear and lubrication between materials in contact are of fundamental importance in
many pure and applied sciences. Owing to the development of experimental and computer …

A few years after the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM), the atomic force
microscope (AFM) was developed. 1 Instead of measuring tunneling current, a new physical …

The atomic force microscope (AFM) system has evolved into a useful tool for direct
measurements of micro-structural parameters and unraveling the intermolecular forces at …

In a Scanning Tunneling Microscope [1], an electronic current flows through the tunneling
barrier be-tween an atomically sharp tip and a conductive surface. Roughly speaking, the …

Frequency modulation atomic force microscopy utilizes the change in resonant frequency of
a cantilever to detect variations in the interaction force between cantilever tip and sample …