Reinforcement learning describes motivated behavior in terms of two abstract signals. The
representation of discrepancies between expected and actual rewards/punishments …

Learning occurs when an outcome differs from expectations, generating a reward prediction
error signal (RPE). The RPE signal has been hypothesized to simultaneously embody the …

Abstract Purpose of Review Current theories of alcohol use disorders (AUD) highlight the
importance of Pavlovian and instrumental learning processes mainly based on preclinical …

Abnormal processes of learning from prediction errors, ie the discrepancies between
expectations and outcomes, are thought to underlie motivational impairments in …

Abstract Background After Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery, patients report a shift
in food preferences away from high-energy foods. Objective We aimed to elucidate the …

Reward processing is a fundamental human activity. The basal ganglia are recognized for
their role in reward processes; however, specific roles of the different nuclei (eg, nucleus …

Modifying patients' expectations by exposing them to expectation violation situations (thus
maximizing the difference between the expected and the actual situational outcome) is …

Much of the uncertainty that clouds our understanding of the world springs from the covert
values and intentions held by other people. Thus, it is plausible that specialized …

Compared to our understanding of positive prediction error signals occurring due to
unexpected reward outcomes, less is known about the neural circuitry in humans that drives …

Few studies have explored neural mechanisms of reward learning in ASD despite evidence
of behavioral impairments of predictive abilities in ASD. To investigate the neural correlates …