The tumor development and metastasis are closely related to the structure and function of
the tumor microenvironment (TME). Recently, TME modulation strategies have attracted …

With the development of nanotechnology, nanomedicines are widely used in tumor therapy.
However, biological barriers in the delivery of nanoparticles still limit their application in …

Lipid nanoparticles (LNP) are effective delivery vehicles for messenger RNA (mRNA) and
have shown promise for vaccine applications. Yet there are no published reports detailing …

The immune system has to cope with a wide range of irregularly shaped pathogens that can
actively move (eg, by flagella) and also dynamically remodel their shape (eg, transition from …

Due to emergence of new variants of pathogenic micro-organisms the treatment and
immunization of infectious diseases have become a great challenge in the past few years. In …

The immune system plays a critical role in our health. No other component of human
physiology plays a decisive role in as diverse an array of maladies, from deadly diseases …

Cancer immunotherapy and vaccine development have significantly improved the fight
against cancers. Despite these advancements, challenges remain, particularly in the clinical …

Nanoparticles are emerging as a useful tool for a wide variety of biomedical, consumer and
instrumental applications that include drug delivery systems, biosensors and environmental …

Nanotechnology increasingly plays a significant role in vaccine development. As vaccine
development orientates toward less immunogenic “minimalist” compositions, formulations …

Subunit vaccines are more advantageous than live attenuated vaccines in terms of safety
and scale-up manufacture. However, this often comes as a trade-off to their efficacy. Over …