Gradual degeneration and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, pars
compacta and subsequent reduction of dopamine levels in striatum are associated with …

Sporadic or idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative
disorder of unknown origin that ranks only second behind Alzheimer's disease (AD) in …

Parkinson's disease is a debilitating neurological disorder characterized that affects 1–2% of
the adult population over 55 years of age. For the vast majority of cases, the etiology of this …

Pain has been studied more intensely as a symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD) in recent
years. However, studies on the characteristics and prevalence of pain in PD have yielded …

This review compares the biological and physiological function of Sigma receptors [σRs] and
their potential therapeutic roles. Sigma receptors are widespread in the central nervous …

The basal ganglia are comprised of the striatum, the external and internal segment of the
globus pallidus (GPe and GPi, respectively), the subthalamic nucleus (STN), and the …

The relative importance of antimuscarinic anticholinergic medications for Parkinson's
disease (PD) declined after the introduction of levodopa, such that anticholinergic …

Parkinson disease (PD) is usually accompanied by numerous nonmotor symptoms (NMS),
such as neuropsychiatric symptoms, sleep disorders, autonomic dysfunctions, and sensory …

Non-motor aspects of Parkinson disease (PD) are now recognized to be important both
clinically and scientifically. Among these facets are abnormalities in blood pressure …

Nonmotor symptoms, among them sexual dysfunction, are common and underrecognized in
patients with Parkinson disease; they play a major role in the deterioration of quality of life of …