This article reviews the behavioral neuroscience of extinction, the phenomenon in which a
behavior that has been acquired through Pavlovian or instrumental (operant) learning …

Cocaine craving, seeking, and relapse are mediated, in part, by cocaine-induced adaptive
changes in the brain reward circuits. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) integrates and …

Poorly regulated reward seeking is a central feature of substance use disorder. Recent
research shows that rewarding drug-related experiences induce synchronous activation of a …

Projections from the nucleus accumbens to the ventral pallidum (VP) regulate relapse in
animal models of addiction. The VP contains GABAergic (VP GABA) and glutamatergic (VP …

Rates of individuals struggling with psychostimulant use disorder (PSUD), defined as
chronic use of psychostimulants despite negative consequences, are growing rapidly over …

Substance use disorder (SUD) is characterized, in part by behavior biased toward drug use
and away from natural sources of reward (eg, social interaction, food, sex). The …

Background Obesity is a chronic relapsing disorder that is caused by an excess of caloric
intake relative to energy expenditure. There is growing recognition that food motivation is …

Cocaine addiction is a chronic, relapsing disorder characterized by maladaptation in the
brain mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopamine system. Although changes in the properties of …

Background Seeking addictive drugs is regulated by synaptic plasticity in the nucleus
accumbens core and involves distinct plasticity in D 1 and D 2 receptor–expressing medium …

Drug addiction is defined as a compulsive pattern of drug-seeking-and taking-behavior, with
recurrent episodes of abstinence and relapse, and a loss of control despite negative …