The most commonly used treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD) is levodopa, prescribed in
conjunction with carbidopa. Virtually all patients with PD undergo dopamine replacement …

Levodopa‐induced dyskinesia is a common complication in Parkinson disease. Pathogenic
mechanisms include phasic stimulation of dopamine receptors, nonphysiological levodopa …

Commonly used for Parkinson's disease (PD), deep brain stimulation (DBS) produces
marked clinical benefits when optimized. However, assessing the large number of possible …

Although deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus internus (GPi) and the
subthalamic nucleus (STN) has become an established treatment for Parkinson's disease …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) or globus pallidum internus
(GPi) improves motor functions in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) but may cause a …

A monosynaptic projection from the cortex to the subthalamic nucleus is thought to have an
important role in basal ganglia function and in the mechanism of therapeutic subthalamic …

Surgical treatments have transformed the management of Parkinson's disease (PD).
Therapeutic options available for the management of PD motor complications include deep …

Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs) such as affective disorders, psychosis, behavioral
changes, and cognitive impairment are common in Parkinson's disease (PD). However …

Objective To compare subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) with globus
pallidus interna (GPi) DBS for tremor suppression in Parkinson disease (PD). Background …

The gut brain axis (GBA), a bidirectional communication pathway has often been linked to
health and disease, and gut microbiota (GM), a key component of this pathway shown to be …