Deimatic behaviours, also referred to as startle behaviours, are used against predators and
rivals. Although many are spectacular, their proximate and ultimate causes remain unclear …

The initial evolution of warning signals in unprofitable prey, termed aposematism, is often
seen as a paradox because any new conspicuous mutant would be easier to detect than its …

A critical function of animal coloration is avoiding attack, either by warning predators or
reducing detectability. Evolution of these divergent strategies may depend on prey …

Anurans show a wide variety of anti-predator mechanisms, and the species of the
Neotropical clade Leiuperinae display several of them. Most species of Edalorhina …

Aim Species distributions are one of the most important ways to understand how
communities interact through macroecological relationships. The functional abilities of a …

Amphibians can obtain their colour from a combination of several different pigment and light
reflecting cell types called chromatophores, with defects in one or several of the cells …

Conspicuous colors (eg, red, yellow, blue) have evolved numerous times across animals.
But the function of this coloration can differ radically among species. Many species use this …

Acoustic signaling is key in mediating mate choice, which directly impacts individual fitness.
Because background noise and habitat structure can impair signal transmission, the …

Deimatic displays, where sudden changes in prey appearance elicit aversive predator
reactions, have been suggested to occur in many taxa. These (often only putative) displays …

Miniaturization has evolved repeatedly in frogs in the moist leaf litter environments of
rainforests worldwide. Miniaturized frogs are among the world's smallest vertebrates and …