In this narrative review, the biological/biochemical impact (toxicity) of a large array of known
individual uremic retention solutes and groups of solutes is summarized. We classified these …

Protein-energy wasting (PEW), a term proposed by the International Society of Renal
Nutrition and Metabolism (ISRNM), refers to the multiple nutritional and catabolic alterations …

Sex and gender differences are of fundamental importance in most diseases, including
chronic kidney disease (CKD). Men and women with CKD differ with regard to the …

Atrial fibrillation (AF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are closely related conditions with
shared risk factors. The growing prevalence of both AF and CKD indicates that more patients …

Prolactin (PRL) is a hormone, mainly secreted by lactotroph cells of the anterior pituitary
gland. Recent studies have shown it may also be produced by many extrapituitary cells. Its …

Atrial fibrillation (AF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are increasingly prevalent in the
general population and share common risk factors such as older age, hypertension and …

A bidirectional relationship exists between atrial fibrillation (AF) and chronic renal disease.
Patients with AF have a higher incidence of renal dysfunction, and the latter predisposes to …

Background Accumulation of middle-weight uraemic toxins in haemodialysis (HD) patients
results in increased morbidity and mortality. Whether medium cut-off HD (MCO-HD) …

Dialysis technologies have continued to advance over recent decades; however, these
advancements have not always been met with improved patient outcomes. In part, the high …

Prolactin (PRL) is a hormone mainly secreted by the anterior pituitary. Recent studies have
shown that it may also be produced by many extrapituitary cells. The PRL gene expression …