Co-infections are very common in nature and occur when hosts are infected by two or more
different pathogens either by simultaneous or secondary infections so that two or more …

Global agriculture will be required to intensify production from a shrinking natural resource
base. Helminth infections of ruminants are a major constraint on efficient livestock …

Gastrointestinal (GI) parasites, hookworms in particular, have evolved to cause minimal
harm to their hosts, allowing them to establish chronic infections. This is mediated by …

The concept of immunological memory stipulates that past exposures shape present
immune function. These exposures include not only specific antigens impacting adaptive …

Through the successful implementation of policies to prevent mother-to-child-transmission
(PMTCT) of HIV-1 infection, children born to HIV-1-infected mothers are now much less likely …

The early life immune system is characterized by unique developmental milestones.
Functionally diverse immune cells arise from distinct waves of hematopoietic stem cells, a …

The new WHO Roadmap for Neglected Tropical Diseases targets the global elimination of
schistosomiasis as a public health problem. To date, control strategies have focused on …

Type 2 helper T cells (TH2 cells) produce interleukin 13 (IL-13) when stimulated by papain
or house dust mite extract (HDM) and induce eosinophilic inflammation. This innate …

Helminth parasites are of considerable medical and economic importance. Studies of the
immune response against helminths are of great interest in understanding interactions …

Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a socio-economically devastating mosquito-borne Neglected
Tropical Disease caused by parasitic filarial nematodes. The interaction between the …