The adenosine modulation system mostly operates through inhibitory A1 (A1R) and
facilitatory A2A receptors (A2AR) in the brain. The activity‐dependent release of adenosine …

Caffeine causes most of its biological effects via antagonizing all types of adenosine
receptors (ARs): A1, A2A, A3, and A2B and, as does adenosine, exerts effects on neurons …

Despite continuous advances in understanding the underlying pathogenesis of
hyperexcitable networks and lowered seizure thresholds, the treatment of epilepsy remains …

ATP is released in an activity-dependent manner from different cell types in the brain,
fulfilling different roles as a neurotransmitter, neuromodulator, in astrocyte-to-neuron …

Adenosine acts in parallel as a neuromodulator and as a homeostatic modulator in the
central nervous system. Its neuromodulatory role relies on a balanced activation of inhibitory …

Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is well recognized for its neuroprotective functions,
via activation of its high affinity receptor, tropomysin related kinase B (TrkB). In addition …

The adenosine receptors (ARs) in the nervous system act as a kind of “go-between” to
regulate the release of neurotransmitters (this includes all known neurotransmitters) and the …

Caffeine, the most widely consumed psychoactive drug, enhances attention/vigilance,
stabilizes mood, and might also independently enhance cognitive performance. Notably …

Caffeine is the most consumed psychoactive drug worldwide and its intake in moderate
amounts prevents neurodegenerative disorders. However, the molecular targets of caffeine …

Adenosine is a neuromodulator acting through inhibitory A1 receptors (A1Rs) and facilitatory
A2ARs, which have similar affinities for adenosine. It has been shown that the activity of …