Despite being one of the most familiar and widely recognized natural phenomena, lightning
remains relatively poorly understood. Even the most basic questions of how lightning is …

It is now well established that both thunderclouds and lightning routinely emit x-rays and
gamma-rays. These emissions appear over wide timescales, ranging from sub-microsecond …

The Gamma‐ray Burst Monitor (GBM) on the Fermi Gamma‐ray Space Telescope detected
12 intense terrestrial gamma ray flashes (TGFs) during its first year of observation. Typical …

Monte Carlo simulations of the runaway breakdown of air are used to calculate the spectra
of terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes (TGFs), which are then compared with RHESSI and …

Research topics on the global electrical circuit are addressed that have received attention in
recent years. These topics include the diurnal variation of the global circuit, surface …

Thunderstorms occasionally produce upward discharges, called blue jets and gigantic jets,
that propagate out of the storm top towards or up to the ionosphere,,,. Whereas the various …

The source of terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes (TGFs) has remained a mystery since their
discovery in 1994. Recent Reuven Ramaty High‐Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager …

A new data mode and new analysis methods are used to detect Terrestrial Gamma‐ray
Flashes (TGFs) with the Fermi Gamma‐ray Burst Monitor (GBM) 10 times more frequently …

The global atmospheric electric circuit is driven by thunderstorms and electrified rain/shower
clouds and is also influenced by energetic charged particles from space. The global circuit …

Strong electrical fields inside thunderclouds give rise to fluxes of high-energy electrons and,
consequently, gamma rays and neutrons. Gamma rays and electrons are currently detected …