Glutamate is the most commonly engaged neurotransmitter in the mammalian central
nervous system, acting to mediate excitatory neurotransmission. However, high levels of …

Posttranscriptional gene expression including splicing, RNA transport, translation, and RNA
decay provides an important regulatory layer in many if not all molecular pathways …

Synaptic loss is a pathological feature of all neurodegenerative diseases including
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). ALS is a disease of …

Neocortical pyramidal neurons with somata in layers 5 and 6 are among the most visually
striking and enigmatic neurons in the brain. These deep-layer pyramidal neurons (DLPNs) …

Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is a finely tuned process of
programmed degradation and recycling of proteins and cellular components, which is …

Breathing occurs without thought but is controlled by a complex neural network with a final
output of phrenic motor neurons activating diaphragm muscle fibers (ie, motor units). This …

Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by gradually progressive, selective loss of
anatomically or physiologically related neuronal systems that produce brain damage from …

The human motor cortex comprises a microcircuit of five interconnected layers with different
cell types. In this Review, we use a layer-specific and cell-specific approach to integrate …

Alterations in upper motor neuron excitability are one of the earliest phenomena clinically
detected in ALS, and in 97% of cases, the RNA/DNA binding protein, TDP-43, is …

Background Corticospinal tract (CST) degeneration and cortical atrophy are consistent
features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We hypothesised that neurite orientation …