Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are important starter, commensal, or pathogenic microorganisms.
The stress physiology of LAB has been studied in depth for over 2 decades, fueled mostly by …

Tetracyclines were discovered in the 1940s and exhibited activity against a wide range of
microorganisms including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, chlamydiae …

Phenolics are aromatic benzene ring compounds with one or more hydroxyl groups
produced by plants mainly for protection against stress. The functions of phenolic …

Multiple drug resistance (multidrug resistance; MDR), a phenomenon whereby human
tumours that acquire resistance to one type of therapy are found to be resistant to several …

Broad use of fluoroquinolones has been followed by emergence of resistance, which has
been due mainly to chromosomal mutations in genes encoding the subunits of the drugs' …

The complete sequencing of bacterial genomes has revealed a large number of drug
transporter genes. In Escherichia coli, there are 37 open reading frames (ORFs) assumed to …

Phenolic compounds that are present in the testa interfere with the physiology of seed
dormancy and germination. We isolated a recessive Arabidopsis mutant with pale brown …

We found that cells of Vibrio parahaemolyticus possess an energy-dependent efflux system
for norfloxacin. We cloned a gene for a putative norfloxacin efflux protein from the …

Tetracyclines have been used for treatment of a wide variety of gram-positive and gram-
negative bacterial infections since the 1950s. In addition to being effective against traditional …

Bacterial strains living in the environment must cope with the toxic compounds originating
from humans production. Surface bacterial structures, cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane …