Tumor microenvironment (TME) is a specialized ecosystem of host components, designed
by tumor cells for successful development and metastasis of tumor. With the advent of 3D …

Recently, in the field of cancer treatment, the paradigm has changed to immunotherapy that
activates the immune system to induce cancer attacks. Among them, immune checkpoint …

Cancer is an abnormal state of cells where they undergo uncontrolled proliferation and
produce aggressive malignancies that causes millions of deaths every year. With the new …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are considered a new standard-of-care across many
cancer indications. This review provides an update on ICIs approved by the Food and Drug …

Despite tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) playing a key role in shaping the tumor
microenvironment (TME), the mechanisms by which TAMs influence the TME and contribute …

Abstract cGAS-STING pathway is a key DNA-sensing machinery and emerges as a
promising target to overcome the immunoresistance of solid tumors. Here we describe a …

Clinical immunotherapy of solid tumors elicits durable responses only in a minority of
patients, largely due to the highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) …

In the last decade, the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been
revolutionized by the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) directed against …

Immune evasion and metabolic reprogramming are two fundamental hallmarks of cancer.
Interestingly, lactate closely links them together. However, lactate has long been recognized …

Immune evasion and altered metabolism, where glucose utilization is diverted to increased
lactic acid production, are two fundamental hallmarks of cancer. Although lactic acid has …