The provision of environmental enrichment (EE) for laboratory rats is recommended in
European guidelines governing laboratory animal welfare. It is believed the EE …

Stress can be defined as a brain–body reaction towards stimuli arising from the environment
or from internal cues that are interpreted as a disruption of homeostasis. The organization of …

Glucocorticoids (corticosterone in birds and rodents and cortisol in all other mammals) are
glucoregulatory hormones that are synthesized in response to a range of stimuli including …

Early life experience influences stress reactivity and mental health through effects on
cognitive-emotional functions that are, in part, linked to gene expression in the dorsal and …

Aging is a physiological process that can develop without the appearance of concurrent
diseases. However, very frequently, older people suffer from memory loss and an …

Environmental enrichment (EE) has been shown to have powerful beneficial effects on a
variety of physiological and pathological processes. Accumulating evidence indicates that …

Neuronal networks in the prefrontal cortex mediate the highest levels of cognitive processing
and decision making, and the capacity to perform these functions is among the cognitive …

Stress exposure can produce profound changes in physiology and behavior that can impair
health and well-being. Of note, stress exposure is linked to anxiety disorders and depression …

Past studies on emotion recognition and aging have found evidence of age-related decline
when emotion recognition was assessed by having participants detect single emotions …

Efforts to refine the care and use of animals in research have been ongoing for many years
and have led to general standardization of rodent models, particularly with regard to animal …