Background Advances in drinking water infrastructure and treatment throughout the 20th
and early 21st century dramatically improved water reliability and quality in the United States …

Human exposure to lead (Pb) is a growing global public health concern. Elevated blood
lead is thought to cause the mental retardation of> 0.6 million children globally each year …

Flint, Michigan switched to the Flint River as a temporary drinking water source without
implementing corrosion control in April 2014. Ten months later, water samples collected …

Objectives. We analyzed differences in pediatric elevated blood lead level incidence before
and after Flint, Michigan, introduced a more corrosive water source into an aging water …

Environmental pollutants are recognized as one of the major concerns for public health and
responsible for various forms of neurological disorders. Some of the common sources of …

Despite the central importance of water for human wellbeing and development, researchers
and practitioners have few tools to quantitatively measure, assess, and compare the scope …

Environmental lead (Pb) contamination is a persistent public health issue that prominently
impacts communities across the United States. Multimedia Pb exposure assessments are …

Significance: Essential metals such as copper, iron, manganese, and zinc play a role as
cofactors in the activity of a wide range of processes involved in cellular homeostasis and …

In April 2014, the drinking water source in Flint, Michigan was switched from Lake Huron
water with phosphate inhibitors to Flint River water without corrosion inhibitors. The absence …

Background Lead is a relatively corrosion-resistant, dense, ductile, and malleable metal that
has been used by humans for at least 5,000 years. During this time, lead production has …