This review covers the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke and future directions regarding
therapeutic options after injury. Ischemic stroke is a devastating disease process affecting …

Cytokines have been implicated as mediators and inhibitors of diverse forms of
neurodegeneration. They are induced in response to brain injury and have diverse actions …

Microglia are myeloid cells of the CNS that participate both in normal CNS function and in
disease. We investigated the molecular signature of microglia and identified 239 genes and …

Astrocytes are the main neural cell type responsible for the maintenance of brain
homeostasis. They form highly organized anatomical domains that are interconnected into …

Focal cerebral ischemia elicits a strong inflammatory response involving early recruitment of
granulocytes and delayed infiltration of ischemic areas and the boundary zones by T cells …

Reactive astrogliosis has long been recognized as a ubiquitous feature of CNS pathologies.
Although its roles in CNS pathology are only beginning to be defined, genetic tools are …

Neurotrophic factors are proteins with considerable potential in the treatment of central
nervous system (CNS) diseases and traumatic injuries. However, a significant challenge to …

Brain injury may result in the development of epilepsy, one of the most common neurological
disorders. We previously demonstrated that albumin is critical in the generation of epilepsy …

Research of the past 25 years has shown that astrocytes do more than participating and
building up the blood-brain barrier and detoxify the active synapse by reuptake of …

Three major cytokines, namely, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-6 are
produced by cultured brain cells after various stimuli such as ischemia. Neurones …