Cellular membranes function as permeability barriers that separate cells from the external
environment or partition cells into distinct compartments. These membranes are lipid …

Tissue macrophages rapidly recognize and engulf apoptotic cells. These events require the
display of so-called eat-me signals on the apoptotic cell surface, the most fundamental of …

Siloed or singular system approach to disease management is common practice,
developing out of traditional medical school education. Textbooks of medicine describe a …

The fate of developing T cells is specified by the interaction of their antigen receptors with
self-peptide–MHC complexes that are displayed by thymic antigen-presenting cells (APCs) …

Nearly every tissue in the body undergoes routine turnover of cells as part of normal healthy
living. The majority of these cells undergoing turnover die via apoptosis, and then are rapidly …

CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells (Tregs) are a unique subset of helper T-cells, which
regulate immune response and establish peripheral tolerance. Tregs not only maintain the …

The human body generates 10–100 billion cells every day, and the same number of cells
die to maintain homeostasis in our body. Cells infected by bacteria or viruses also die. The …

The ability of antigen receptors to engage self-ligands with varying affinity is crucial for
lymphocyte development. To further explore this concept, we generated transgenic mice …

The phagocytic clearance of dying cells in a tissue is a highly orchestrated series of
intercellular events coordinated by a complex signaling network. Recent data from genetic …

Phagocytic removal of apoptotic cells occurs efficiently in vivo such that even in tissues with
significant apoptosis, very few apoptotic cells are detectable. This is thought to be due to the …