The barrier surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract are in constant contact with various
microorganisms. Cytokines orchestrate the mucosal adaptive and innate immune cells in the …

The emergence of novel immunomodulatory cancer therapies over the last decade, above
all immune checkpoint blockade, has significantly advanced tumor treatment. For colorectal …

Abstract Interleukin (IL)-22, a member of the IL-10 family, is a cytokine secreted by several
types of immune cells including IL-22+ CD4+ T cells (Th22) and IL-22 expressing innate …

Ethnopharmacological relevance Panax ginseng is one of the most well-known medicinal
herbs in Korea and China, which has been used for treatment and prevention of cancer …

Abstract Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a major “alarm” upstream pro-inflammatory cytokine that
mainly acts by inducing cascades of cytokine and inflammation-promoting mediators. In the …

Abstract Interleukin-17 (IL-17), a pleiotropic proinflammatory cytokine, is reported to be
significantly generated by a distinct subset of CD4+ T-cells, upgrading cancer-elicited …

Cancer is the primary cause of death in economically developed countries and the second
leading cause in developing countries. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common …

The majority of colorectal cancers (CRCs) are thought to arise from precancerous
adenomas. Upon exposure to diverse microenvironmental factors, precancerous stem cells …

Abstract T helper 22 (Th22) cell populations are a newly identified subset of CD4+ T cells
that primarily mediate biological effects on the epithelial barrier through interleukin (IL)‐22 …

Studies have shown that the higher prevalence of colorectal cancers among patients with
inflammatory bowel disease. Thus, proinflammatory stimulus due to a high-fat diet may …