The retina is a complex tissue with multiple cell layers that are highly ordered. Its
sophisticated structure makes it especially sensitive to external or internal perturbations that …

Resident microglial cells can be regarded as the immunological watchdogs of the brain and
the retina. They are active sensors of their neuronal microenvironment and rapidly respond …

Retinal neurodegenerative diseases like age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma,
diabetic retinopathy and retinitis pigmentosa each have a different etiology and …

Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain and retina, are constantly engaged in the
surveillance of their surrounding neural tissue. During embryonic development they infiltrate …

The gut microbiome influences many host physiologies, spanning gastrointestinal function,
metabolism, immune homeostasis, neuroactivity, and behavior. Many microbial effects on …

This review highlights the role of three key immune pathways in the pathophysiology of
major retinal degenerative diseases including diabetic retinopathy, age‐related macular …

Maternal inflammation during pregnancy can have detrimental effects on embryonic
development that persist during adulthood. However, the underlying mechanisms and …

Microglia, the innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), react to endotoxins
like bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) with a pronounced inflammatory response. To avoid …

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an important cause of irreversible blindness worldwide and
lacks effective treatment strategies. Although mutations are the primary cause of RP …

Inflammatory processes are considered to play an important role in the progression of
neurodegenerative changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD). A number of studies have reported …