Ethylene is a gaseous plant hormone that most likely became a functional hormone during
the evolution of charophyte green algae, prior to land colonization. From this ancient origin …

Mitochondrial respiration is an energy producing process that involves the coordinated
action of several protein complexes embedded in the inner membrane to finally produce …

In flowering plants, seed development is initiated by the fusion of the maternal egg and
central cells with two paternal sperm cells, leading to the formation of embryo and …

The phytohormone gibberellin (GA) is a key regulator of plant growth and development.
Although the upstream regulation and downstream responses to GA vary across cells and …

Bioactive hormone concentrations are regulated both at the level of hormone synthesis and
through controlled inactivation. Based on the ubiquitous presence of 2β-hydroxylated …

The plant growth regulator gibberellin (GA) contributes to many developmental processes,
including the transition to flowering. In Arabidopsis, GA promotes this transition most strongly …

Auxin and gibberellins (GAs) overlap in the regulation of multiple aspects of plant
development, such as root growth and organ expansion. This coincidence raises questions …

Plants undergo two different developmental programs depending on whether they are
growing in darkness (skotomorphogenesis) or in the presence of light …

Plant morphogenesis is profoundly influenced by light (a phenomenon known as
photomorphogenesis). For example, light inhibits seedling hypocotyl growth via activation of …

The growth of Arabidopsis thaliana is quantitatively regulated by the phytohormone
gibberellin (GA) via two closely related nuclear GA-signaling components, GAI and RGA …