Deimatic behaviours, also referred to as startle behaviours, are used against predators and
rivals. Although many are spectacular, their proximate and ultimate causes remain unclear …

The theory of warning signals dates back to Wallace but is still confusing, controversial and
complex. Because predator avoidance of warningly coloured prey (aposematism) is based …

Literature Cited to accompany Animal Communication, 2e Page 1 Principles of Animal
Communication, Second Edition Jack W. Bradbury and Sandra L. Vehrencamp Chapter 14 …

Behavioral responses to novelty, including fear and subsequent avoidance of novel stimuli,
ie, neophobia, determine how animals interact with their environment. Neophobia aids in …

Highlights•Researchers use neophobia tests for many purposes, but produce conflicting
results.•Attention to cognitive mechanisms and ecological context reveals testing issues.•We …

Ecological innovation is the adoption of behaviours that allow individuals in a population to
exploit newly available, previously unused, or familiar resources in a new way. Innovative …

Conspicuous warning signals of unprofitable prey are a defense against visually hunting
predators. They work because predators learn to associate unprofitability with bright …

Eyespots are found in a variety of animals, in particular lepidopterans. The role of eyespots
as antipredator mechanisms has been discussed since the 19th Century, with two main …

This article suggests how we might understand the way potential predators see coloration
patterns used in aposematism and visual mimicry. We start by briefly reviewing work on …

The evolution of defensive traits and strategies depends on the intensity of selection
imposed by natural enemies and on the fitness costs of defenses against these enemies. We …