Unmethylated CpG motifs are prevalent in bacterial but not vertebrate genomic DNAs.
Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing CpG motifs activate host defense mechanisms …

Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonists have demonstrated substantial potential as vaccine
adjuvants, and as mono-or combination therapies for the treatment of cancer and infectious …

CpG motifs within phosphorothioate (PS)-modified DNA drive Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9)
activation, but the rules governing recognition of natural phosphodiester (PD) DNA are less …

Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligation activates both the innate and adaptive immune systems, and
plays an important role in antiviral and anti-tumor immunity. Therefore, a significant amount …

Synthetic CpG oligonucleotides (ODN) have potent immunostimulatory properties exploited
in clinical vaccine trials. How CpG ODN are captured and delivered to the intracellular …

Inflammatory toxicity represents a typical toxicity associated with systemic administration of
cationic liposome/DNA complex (lipoplex). Collected information indicates that the lipoplex …

Among the bacterial products known to activate the innate immune '1system is bacterial
DNA. This activity resides within the nonmethylated CpG motifs of the DNA and is …

The mitogen-activated protein kinases, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and
p38, are activated in response to infectious agents and innate immune stimulators such as …

Macrophages and B cells are activated by unmethylated CpG-containing sequences in
bacterial DNA. The lack of activity of self DNA has generally been attributed to CpG …

Bacterial DNA and oligonucleotides (ODN) containing CpG‐motifs strongly activate cells of
the immune system. Accordingly CpG‐DNA is a powerful adjuvant in vaccination protocols …