Genetic code reprogramming has enabled us to ribosomally incorporate various
nonproteinogenic amino acids (npAAs) into peptides in vitro. The repertoire of usable npAAs …

The genetic code—the language used by cells to translate their genomes into proteins that
perform many cellular functions—is highly conserved throughout natural life. Rewriting the …

Transfer RNA is an essential adapter molecule that is found across all three domains of life.
The primary role of transfer RNA resides in its critical involvement in the accurate translation …

Synthesis of proteins with non-canonical amino acids via genetic code expansion is at the
forefront of synthetic biology. Progress in this field has enabled site-specific incorporation of …

In all domains of life, selenocysteine (Sec) is delivered to the ribosome by selenocysteine-
specific tRNA (tRNASec) with the help of a specialized translation factor, SelB in bacteria …

The genetic code, initially thought to be universal and immutable, is now known to contain
many variations, including biased codon usage, codon reassignment, ambiguous decoding …

Pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS) and its cognate tRNAPyl have emerged as ideal
translation components for genetic code innovation. Variants of the enzyme facilitate the …

Abstract Selenocysteine (Sec), the 21st genetically encoded amino acid, is structurally
similar to cysteine (Cys) but with a sulfur to selenium replacement. This small change …

Engineering the process of molecular translation, or protein biosynthesis, has emerged as a
major opportunity in synthetic and chemical biology to generate novel biological insights …

Ribosomal incorporation of d-α-amino acids (dAA) and N-methyl-l-α-amino acids (MeAA)
with negatively charged sidechains, such as d-Asp, d-Glu, MeAsp and MeGlu, into nascent …