Vaccines are the key technology to combat existing and emerging infectious diseases.
However, increasing the potency, quality and durability of the vaccine response remains a …

Surviving a single infection often results in lifelong immunity to the infecting pathogen. Such
protection is mediated, in large part, by two main B cell memory 'walls'—namely, long-lived …

In conjugate, inactivated, recombinant, and toxoid vaccines, adjuvants are extensively and
essentially used for enhanced and long-lasting protective immune responses. Depending …

Saponins are potent and safe vaccine adjuvants, but their mechanisms of action remain
incompletely understood. Here, we explored the properties of several saponin formulations …

In this concise review, we summarize the concepts behind mRNA vaccination. We discuss
the innate and adaptive immune response generated by mRNA vaccines in different animal …

Conventional immunization strategies will likely be insufficient for the development of a
broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) vaccine for HIV or other difficult pathogens because of …

Adjuvants are central to the efficacy of subunit vaccines. Aluminum hydroxide (alum) is the
most commonly used vaccine adjuvant, yet its adjuvanticity is often weak and mechanisms …

mRNA vaccines are rapidly emerging as a powerful platform for infectious diseases because
they are well tolerated, immunogenic, and scalable and are built on precise but adaptable …

Natural infections expose the immune system to escalating antigen and inflammation over
days to weeks, whereas nonlive vaccines are single bolus events. We explored whether the …

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), is a prevalent global
infectious disease and a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Currently, the only available …