Tropical Africa is home to an astonishing biodiversity occurring in a variety of ecosystems.
Past climatic change and geological events have impacted the evolution and diversification …

Abstract The Eocene–Oligocene transition (EOT) was a climate shift from a largely ice-free
greenhouse world to an icehouse climate, involving the first major glaciation of Antarctica …

As the world warms due to rising greenhouse gas concentrations, the Earth system moves
toward climate states without societal precedent, challenging adaptation. Past Earth system …

The East Asian monsoon plays an integral role in human society, yet its geological history
and controlling processes are poorly understood. Using a general circulation model and …

Palaeoclimate reconstructions of periods with warm climates and high atmospheric CO2
concentrations are crucial for developing better projections of future climate change. Deep …

Cenozoic temperature, sea level and CO2 covariations provide insights into climate
sensitivity to external forcings and sea-level sensitivity to climate change. Climate sensitivity …

Stratigraphy provides insights into the evolution and dynamics of the Earth System over its
long history. With recent developments in Earth System science, changes in Earth System …

The early Eocene (56 to 48 million years ago) is inferred to have been the most recent time
that Earth's atmospheric CO 2 concentrations exceeded 1000 ppm. Global mean …

Over the past 3.5 million years, there have been several intervals when climate conditions
were warmer than during the pre-industrial Holocene. Although past intervals of warming …

The Pliocene epoch has great potential to improve our understanding of the long-term
climatic and environmental consequences of an atmospheric CO 2 concentration near∼ …