Addiction has been conceptualized as a specific form of memory that appropriates typically
adaptive neural mechanisms of learning to produce the progressive spiral of drug-seeking …

Research in fear conditioning has provided a comprehensive picture of the neuronal circuit
underlying the formation of fear memories. In contrast, our understanding of the retrieval of …

Background Fear conditioning is a form of learning essential for animal survival and used as
a behavioral paradigm to study the mechanisms of learning and memory. In mammals, the …

Associative fear learning produces fear toward the conditioned stimulus (CS) and often
generalization, the expansion of fear from the CS to similar, unlearned stimuli. However …

The intercalated paracapsular (IPC) islands are clusters of dopamine-D1-and μ-opioid 1-
receptor rich GABAergic neurons which surround the rostral half of the basolateral complex …

The deleterious effects of paradoxical sleep deprivation on memory processes are well
documented. However, non-selective sleep deprivation occurs more commonly in modern …

Assessing risk is an essential part of human behaviour and may be disrupted in a number of
psychiatric conditions. Currently, in many animal experimental designs the basis of the …

Treatment of major depression, posttraumatic stress disorder and other psychopathologies
with antidepressants can be associated with improvement of the cognitive deficits related to …

It has long been known that the behavior of an animal can be affected by odors from another
species. Such interspecific effects of odorous compounds (allelochemics) are usually …

Stress can have profound consequences on mental health. While much is known about the
neural circuits supporting associative memories of stressful events, our understanding of the …