Modified tetrapyrroles are large macrocyclic compounds, consisting of diverse conjugation
and metal chelation systems and imparting an array of colors to the biological structures that …

We describe how environmental context can help determine whether oxygen (O2) detected
in extrasolar planetary observations is more likely to have a biological source. Here we …

Spontaneous generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in aqueous microdroplets or at a
water vapor–silicate interface is a new source of redox chemistry. However, such generation …

Photoregulated polymerizations are typically conducted using high‐energy (UV and blue)
light, which may lead to undesired side reactions. Furthermore, as the penetration of visible …

This review highlights and summarizes various optically active porphyrin and
phthalocyanine molecules prepared using a wide range of structural modification methods …

The origin of oxygenic photosynthesis was the most important metabolic innovation in Earth
history. It allowed life to generate energy and reducing power directly from sunlight and …

In recent years, our understanding of biological nitrogen fixation has been bolstered by a
diverse array of scientific techniques. Still, the origin and extant distribution of nitrogen …

During the course of evolution, genomes acquire novel genetic elements as sources of
functional and phenotypic diversity, including new genes that originated in recent evolution …

▪ Abstract This paper reviews the Precambrian history of atmospheric oxygen, beginning
with a brief discussion of the possible nature and magnitude of life before the evolution of …

Chloroplasts were once free-living cyanobacteria that became endosymbionts, but the
genomes of contemporary plastids encode only≈ 5–10% as many genes as those of their …