The endocrine system is responsible for growth, development, maintaining homeostasis and
for the control of many physiological processes. Due to the integral nature of its signaling …

Evaluation of the skeleton in laboratory animals is a standard component of developmental
toxicology testing. Standard methods of performing the evaluation have been established …

Read-across has generated much attention since it may be used as an alternative approach
for addressing the information requirements under regulatory programmes, notably the EU's …

Background Current developmental toxicity testing adheres largely to protocols suggested in
1966 involving the administration of test compound to pregnant laboratory animals. After …

Abstract The European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA)
convened a Partners' Forum Toxicokinetics and Read-Across to provide an overview on …

Top dose selection for repeated dose animal studies has generally focused on identification
of apical endpoints, use of the limit dose, or determination of a maximum tolerated dose …

For the purposes of chemical safety assessment, the value of using non-animal (in silico and
in vitro) approaches and generating mechanistic information on toxic effects is being …

The concept of “the dose makes the poison” is a core organizing tenet of toxicology, and
associated investigations of mode of action (MoA) are a key means by which toxicity test …

Although external concentrations are more readily quantified and often used as the metric
for regulating and mitigating exposures to environmental chemicals, the toxicological …

The KMD (kinetically-derived maximum dose) is an increasingly advocated concept that
uses toxicokinetic data in the top dose selection for toxicity testing. Application of this …