Venoms are one of the most convergent of animal traits known, and encompass a much
greater taxonomic and functional diversity than is commonly appreciated. This knowledge …

Pain is a common symptom induced during envenomation by spiders and scorpions. Toxins
isolated from their venom have become essential tools for studying the functioning and …

Peptides folded through interwoven disulfides display extreme biochemical properties and
unique medicinal potential. However, their exploitation has been hampered by the limited …

Identification of voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1. 7 inhibitors for chronic pain
therapeutic development is an area of vigorous pursuit. In an effort to identify more potent …

Voltage-gated sodium channels (NaVs) are a key determinant of neuronal signalling.
Neurotoxins from diverse taxa that selectively activate or inhibit NaV channels have helped …

Chronic pain is a major medical issue which reduces the quality of life of millions and inflicts
a significant burden on health authorities worldwide. Currently, management of chronic pain …

TFF3 regulates essential gastro-and neuroprotective functions, but its molecular mode of
action remains poorly understood. Synthetic intractability and lack of reliable bioassays and …

Voltage-gated ion channels (VGICs) are specialised ion channels that have a voltage
dependent mode of action, where ion conduction, or gating, is controlled by a voltage …

Numerous spider venom-derived gating modifier toxins exhibit conformational heterogeneity
during purification by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) …

Over the two last decades, venom toxins have been explored as alternatives to opioids to
treat chronic debilitating pain. At present, approximately 20 potential analgesic toxins …