Innate immunity is the first defense system against invading pathogens. Toll-like receptors
(TLRs) are well-defined pattern recognition receptors responsible for pathogen recognition …

Until recently, the development of new human adjuvants was held back by a poor
understanding of their mechanisms of action. The field was revolutionized by the discovery …

The inflammatory and IFN pathways of innate immunity play a key role in the resistance and
pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Innate sensors and SARS-CoV-2 …

The pathogenesis of periodontitis involves a complex immune/inflammatory cascade that is
initiated by the bacteria of the oral biofilm that forms naturally on the teeth. The susceptibility …

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease, the immunologic model of which has been
profoundly revised following recent advances in the understanding of its pathophysiology. In …

Virus-like particles (VLPs) have been shown to be strong activators of dendritic cells (DCs).
DCs are the most potent antigen presenting cells (APCs) and their activation prompts the …

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a key pathogen of chronic infections in the lungs of cystic
fibrosis patients and in patients suffering from chronic wounds of diverse etiology. In these …

Adjuvants enhance immunity to vaccines and experimental antigens by a variety of
mechanisms. In the past decade, many receptors and signaling pathways in the innate …

Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG motifs trigger cells
that express Toll-like receptor 9 (including human plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells) …

The innate immune system in drosophila and mammals senses the invasion of
microorganisms using the family of Toll receptors, stimulation of which initiates a range of …