Tryptophan is an essential amino acid from dietary proteins. It can be metabolized into
different metabolites in both the gut microbiota and tissue cells. Tryptophan metabolites such …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic immune-mediated disease affecting the
gastrointestinal tract. IBD consists of 2 subtypes: ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease. IBD is …

The use of probiotics by cancer patients is increasing, including among those undergoing
immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment. Here, we elucidate a critical microbial-host …

Breastfeeding profoundly shapes the infant gut microbiota, which is critical for early life
immune development, and the gut microbiota can impact host physiology in various ways …

Regulatory T (Treg) cells, although vital for immune homeostasis, also represent a major
barrier to anti-cancer immunity, as the tumour microenvironment (TME) promotes the …

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) activation by tryptophan (Trp) catabolites enhances tumor
malignancy and suppresses anti-tumor immunity. The context specificity of AHR target …

The gut microbiota, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses and phages, inhabits the
gastrointestinal tract. This commensal microbiota can contribute to the regulation of host …

A well-functioning immune system is vital for a healthy body. Inadequate and excessive
immune responses underlie diverse pathologies such as serious infections, metastatic …

The aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that buoys
intestinal immune responses. AHR induces its own negative regulator, the AHR repressor …

Mammalian aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that
belongs to the basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH)–PAS family of transcription factors, which are …