Plants associate with communities of microbes (bacteria and fungi) that play critical roles in
plant development, nutrient acquisition and oxidative stress tolerance. The major share of …

Contents Summary 1012 I. Introduction 1013 II. The mycorrhizal symbiosis at the dawn and
rise of the land flora 1014 III. From early land plants to early trees: the origin of roots and true …

Fungi are an essential component of any ecosystem and have diverse ecological roles,
ranging from endophytes to epiphytes and pathogens to saprobes. The current estimate of …

The decade since the publication of the third edition of this volume has been an era of great
progress in biology in general and the plant sciences in particular. This is especially true …

The Early Devonian Rhynie chert has been critical in documenting early land plant–fungal
interactions. However, complex associations involving several fungi that enter into …

Geological sites of exceptional fossil preservation are becoming a focus of research on root
evolution because they retain edaphic and ecological context, and the remains of plant soft …

The geochemical carbon cycle is strongly influenced by life on land, principally through the
effects of carbon sequestration and the weathering of calcium and magnesium silicates in …

Endolichenic fungi live in close association with algal photobionts inside asymptomatic
lichen thalli and resemble fungal endophytes of plants in terms of taxonomy, diversity …

Cyanobacteria are a large group of photosynthetic prokaryotes of enormous environmental
importance, being responsible for a large proportion of global CO2 and N2 fixation. They …

Cyanobacteria are often called" blue-green algae", this name is convenient for talking about
organisms in water that make their own food, but does not reflect any relationship between …