Sporadic E (Es) and related processes are reviewed as functions of viewing system, latitude
and altitude. We find that the “windshear theory”—perhaps with a small added external …

This paper provides a comprehensive update on sporadic E layers that is placed in the
context of atmosphere-ionosphere coupling, exemplified here by the fundamental windshear …

Theoretical and experimental work since 1970 is summarized. Mid-latitude sporadic-E is
most likely due to a vertical shear in the horizontal east-west wind and this theory accounts …

The wind shear theory is widely accepted as an explanation for the formation of a sporadic E
(Es) layer, but the direct comparison of Es with the local wind shear has been limited due to …

Fine structures E region field‐aligned irregularities were observed on June 24–25, 1989,
with the MU radar at Shigaraki, Japan (34.9° N, 136.1° E; geomagnetic latitude 25.0° N). The …

Recent E region VHF backscatter echoes observed by the MU radar at mid‐latitudes show
quasi‐periodic striations with a fairly constant range vs. time tilt in a RTI display. These …

The quasiperiodic echoes with periods in the range of∼ 1–10 minutes originally discovered
at the Middle and Upper Atmosphere (MU) radar in Japan in the early 1990s are now known …

The effect of an electric field and a homogeneous neutral wind on the vertical ion motion in
the ionospheric E-region is investigated. An electric field pointing, in the northern …

The vertical motion of ionospheric sporadic layers in the 80‐to 140‐km altitude region is
examined by using a numerical solution for ion trajectories in a wind system composed of …

We describe a newly discovered polarization process that appears to be induced by an
atmospheric gravity wave (AGW) when it altitude–modulates a sporadic E (Es) layer in the …