Metastatic dissemination of solid tumors, a leading cause of cancer-related mortality,
underscores the urgent need for enhanced insights into the molecular and cellular …

The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling cascade is essential for cell inter-and intra-
cellular communication, which regulates fundamental cell functions such as growth, survival …

Abstract The RAF-MEK-ERK signaling cascade is a well-characterized MAPK pathway
involved in cell proliferation and survival. The three-layered MAPK signaling cascade is …

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is commonly
upregulated in cancers such as in non-small-cell lung cancer, metastatic colorectal cancer …

The visual/β-arrestins, a small family of proteins originally described for their role in the
desensitization and intracellular trafficking of G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), have …

RAF family kinases were among the first oncoproteins to be described more than 30 years
ago. They primarily act as signalling relays downstream of RAS, and their close ties to …

The RAF family of kinases includes key activators of the pro-tumourigenic mitogen-activated
protein kinase pathway. Hyperactivation of RAF proteins, particularly BRAF and CRAF …

RAF kinase inhibitors have substantial therapeutic effects in patients with BRAF-mutant
melanoma. However, only rarely do tumors regress completely, and the therapeutic effects …

Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) comprises a family of serine/threonine phosphatases,
minimally containing a well conserved catalytic subunit, the activity of which is highly …

RAF family protein kinases are a key node in the RAS/RAF/MAP kinase pathway, the
signaling cascade that controls cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival in response …