Highlights•During slow-wave sleep cortical activity is dominated by spindles and slow
waves.•During wake cortical network displays activated patterns.•Overall sleep slow wave …

At the end of the 20th century, analog systems in computer science have been widely
replaced by digital systems due to their higher computing power. Nevertheless, the question …

Artificial neurons with functions such as leaky integrate‐and‐fire (LIF) and spike output are
essential for brain‐inspired computation with high efficiency. However, previously …

Axons of dopaminergic neurons innervate the striatum where they contribute to movement
and reinforcement learning. Past work has shown that striatal GABA tonically inhibits …

Spike-timing–dependent plasticity (STDP) is considered as a primary mechanism underlying
formation of new memories during learning. Despite the growing interest in activity …

Since its discovery, spike timing-dependent synaptic plasticity (STDP) has been thought to
be a primary mechanism underlying the brain's ability to learn and to form new memories …

Axons convey information in neuronal circuits via reliable conduction of action potentials
(APs) from the axon initial segment (AIS) to the presynaptic terminals. Recent experimental …

Highlights•Several mechanisms control faithful action potential propagation along the
axon.•Action potential waveform is compartmentalized in different axonal segments.•Analog …

In the spinal cord, cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs) are GABAergic
interoceptive sensory neurons that detect spinal curvature via a functional coupling with the …

Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels control electrical
rhythmicity and excitability in the heart and brain, but the function of HCN channels at the …