Retinal bipolar cells are the first'projection neurons' of the vertebrate visual system—all of
the information needed for vision is relayed by this intraretinal connection. Each of the at …

The retina, like many other central nervous system structures, contains a huge diversity of
neuronal types. Mammalian retinas contain approximately 55 distinct cell types, each with a …

GABAA receptors are ligand-gated chloride channels and ionotropic receptors of GABA, the
main inhibitory neurotransmitter in vertebrates. In this review, we discuss the major and …

The mammalian visual system analyses the world through a set of separate spatio-temporal
channels,. The organization of these channels begins in the retina,, where the precise …

The retina extracts visual features for transmission to the brain. Different types of bipolar cell
split the photoreceptor input into parallel channels and provide the excitatory drive for …

Bipolar cells in the mammalian retina are postsynaptic to either rod or cone photoreceptors,
thereby segregating their respective signals into parallel vertical streams. In contrast to the …

Alpha/Y-type retinal ganglion cells encode visual information with a receptive field
composed of nonlinear subunits. This nonlinear subunit structure enhances sensitivity to …

We survey the evidence for L-glutamate's role as the primary excitatory neurotransmitter of
vertebrate retinas. The physiological and molecular properties of glutamate receptors in the …

Glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are major excitatory and inhibitory
neurotransmitters in the vertebrate retina,“a genuine neural center”(Ramón y Cajal, 1964 …

The purpose of this study was to determine what contributions are made to the rat full‐field
electroretinogram (ERG) by ganglion cells (GCs). To that end, the ERG was assessed …