The study of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) is rapidly progressing in many aspects. Novel
BoNTs are being discovered owing to next generation sequencing, but their biologic and …

Components from venoms have stimulated many drug discovery projects, with some notable
successes. These are briefly reviewed, from captopril to ziconotide. However, there have …

The nervous system, the immune system, and microbial pathogens interact closely at barrier
tissues. Here, we find that a bacterial pathogen, Streptococcus pyogenes, hijacks pain and …

Mammalian hosts interface intimately with commensal and pathogenic bacteria. It is
increasingly clear that molecular interactions between the nervous system and microbes …

This study assessed the safety and efficacy of three different doses of BoNT-A for persistent
myofascial pain (MFP). One hundred female subjects were randomly assigned into five …

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), derived from Clostridium botulinum, has been used
therapeutically for focal dystonia, spasticity, and chronic migraine. Its spectrum as a potential …

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders refers to multietiological conditions defined by
pain and/or loss of function of the TMJ, the muscles of mastication, and other associated …

In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the etiology, risk factors and
pathophysiology of focal task specific dystonia (FTSD), movement disorders characterized …

Botulinum toxin A is produced by anaerobic spore-forming bacteria and is used for various
therapeutic and cosmetic purposes. Botulinum toxin A injections are the most popular …

Introduction In patients with cervical dystonia (CD), pain is a major contributor to disability
and social isolation and is often the main reason patients seek treatment. Surveys …