Virtually all phases of spinal cord injury pathogenesis, including inflammation, cell
proliferation and differentiation, as well as tissue remodeling, are mediated in part by …

As resident macrophages of the CNS, microglia are critical immune effectors of inflammatory
lesions and associated neural dysfunctions. In multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal …

Macrophages and microglia can be polarized along a continuum toward a detrimental (M1)
or a beneficial (M2) state in the injured CNS. Although phagocytosis of myelin in vitro …

Background The presence of foamy macrophages and microglia containing intracellular
myelin remnants is a pathological hallmark of neurodegenerative disorders such as multiple …

After spinal cord injury, macrophages can exert either beneficial or detrimental effects
depending on their phenotype. Aside from their critical role in inflammatory responses …

Along with microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages, macrophages in the perivascular
space, choroid plexus, and meninges are the principal effector cells in neuroinflammatory …

Macrophages and microglia play crucial roles during central nervous system development,
homeostasis and acute events such as infection or injury. The diverse functions of tissue …

Microglia are universal sensors of alterations in CNS physiology. These cells integrate
complex molecular signals and undergo comprehensive phenotypical remodeling to adapt …

A better understanding of immune-mediated mechanisms in the pathogenesis of multiple
sclerosis and the contribution of environmental risk factors toward the development of …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a frequent autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central
nervous system (CNS). There are three clinical forms described: relapsing-remitting multiple …