Restricting the intake of calories has been practiced as a method for increasing both the
length and quality of life for over 500years. Experimental work confirming the success of this …

Empirical evidence for declines in fitness components (survival and reproductive
performance) with age has recently accumulated in wild populations, highlighting that the …

Trade-offs and constraints are inherent to life, and studies of these phenomena play a
central role in both organismal and evolutionary biology. Trade-offs can be defined …

For centuries, people believed that bats possessed sinister powers. Bats are thought to be
ancestral hosts to many deadly viruses affecting humans including Ebola, rabies, and most …

The concept of trade‐offs is central to our understanding of life‐history evolution. The
underlying mechanisms, however, have been little studied. Oxidative stress results from a …

Sexual dimorphism arises from genetic differences between male and female cells, and from
systemic hormonal differences,–. How sex hormones affect non-reproductive organs is …

Across the animal kingdom, we see remarkable variation in brain size. This variation has
even increased over evolutionary time. Traditionally, studies aiming to explain brain size …

Oxidative stress is usually defined as an imbalance arising when the rate of production of
reactive oxygen species (ROS) exceeds the capacity of the antioxidant defence and repair …

The Flexible Phenotype attempts a true synthesis of physiology, behaviour, and ecology by
developing an empirical argument that describes the intimate connections between …

It is often assumed that an animal's metabolic rate can be estimated through measuring the
whole-organism oxygen consumption rate. However, oxygen consumption alone is unlikely …