Cellular stress or apoptosis triggers the release of ATP, ADP and other nucleotides into the
extracellular space. Extracellular nucleotides function as autocrine and paracrine signalling …

Virtually, all tumor cells as well as all immune cells express plasma membrane receptors for
extracellular nucleosides (adenosine) and nucleotides (ATP, ADP, UTP, UDP and sugar …

T cells undergo metabolic rewiring to meet their bioenergetic, biosynthetic and redox
demands following antigen stimulation. To fulfil these needs, effector T cells must adapt to …

Dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP4) is a glycoprotein of 110 kDa, which is ubiquitously expressed
on the surface of a variety of cells. This exopeptidase selectively cleaves N-terminal …

In the 10 years since our previous International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology
report on the nomenclature and classification of adenosine receptors, no developments …

Four adenosine receptors have been cloned and characterized from several mammalian
species. The receptors are named adenosine A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. The A2A and A2B …

Adenosine is a key endogenous molecule that regulates tissue function by activating four G-
protein-coupled adenosine receptors: A1, A2A, A2B and A3. Cells of the immune system …

Human health is under constant threat of a wide variety of dangers, both self and nonself.
The immune system is occupied with protecting the host against such dangers in order to …

Although inflammatory and immunological reactions protect the host from invasion by
microorganisms and eliminate debris at sites of tissue injury, they can also be responsible …

Tissue damage, inflammation or injury of the nervous system may result in chronic
neuropathic pain characterised by increased sensitivity to painful stimuli (hyperalgesia), the …