The methods used to assess cardiac parasympathetic (cardiovagal) activity and its effects on
the heart in both humans and animal models are reviewed. Heart rate (HR)-based methods …

Acute exposure to low oxygen (hypoxia) places conflicting demands on the heart. Whilst an
increase in heart rate (tachycardia) may compensate systemic oxygen delivery as arterial …

Chronic exposure to intermittent hypoxia (CIH) increases carotid sinus nerve activity in
normoxia and in response to acute hypoxia. We hypothesized that CIH augments basal and …

Peripheral chemoreceptor afferent information is sent to the nucleus tractus solitarii (nTS),
integrated, and relayed to other brain regions to alter cardiorespiratory function. The nTS …

Arterial hypertension (AH) has a high incidence in the world's population and its etiology is
multifactorial, involving genetic, environmental and psychological factors1, 2. Its prevalence …

Key points Hypoxia activates peripheral chemoreceptors producing an increase in breathing
and arterial pressure. In conditions of sustained hypoxia, an increase in ventilation and …

Peripheral chemoreflex activation with potassium cyanide (KCN) in awake rats or in the
working heart–brainstem preparation (WHBP) produces:(a) a sympathoexcitatory/pressor …

The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) contributes to both autonomic and
neuroendocrine function. PVN lesion or inhibition blunts cardiorespiratory responses to …

Sustained hypoxia (SH) in mice induces changes in the respiratory pattern and increase in
the parasympathetic tone to the heart. Among adenosine G‐protein‐coupled receptors …

Several sympathoexcitatory reflexes, such as the cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex (CSAR)
and arterial chemoreflex, are significantly augmented and contribute to elevated sympathetic …