Research on the effects of opioids on immune responses was stimulated in the 1980s by the
intersection of use of intravenous heroin and HIV infection, to determine if opioids were …

Opioids produce strong analgesia but their use is limited by a paradoxical hypersensitivity
named opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) that may be associated to analgesic tolerance. In …

Background and Purpose The toll‐like receptor TLR4 is involved in neuropathic pain and in
drug reward and reinforcement. The opioid inactive isomers (+)‐naltrexone and (+) …

Simple Summary Recent evidence indicates that opioids can be active at a receptor that is
abundantly expressed on innate immune cells as well as cancer cells: the receptor is termed …

Background Around 30% of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are refractory to
current IBD drugs or relapse over time. Novel treatments are called for, and low dose …

Despite being the mainstay of pain management, opioids are limited in their clinical utility by
adverse effects, such as tolerance and paradoxical hyperalgesia. Research of the past 15 …

Activation of Toll-like receptors has been linked to neuropathic pain and opioid
dependence.(+)-Naltrexone acts as a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonist and has been …

There is growing interest in drug repositioning to find new therapeutic indications for drugs
already approved for use in people. Lovastatin is an FDA approved drug that has been used …

CNS immune signaling contributes to deleterious opioid effects including hyperalgesia,
tolerance, reward, and dependence/withdrawal. Such effects are mediated by opioid …

The emphasis of neuronal alterations and adaptations have long been the main focus of the
studies of the mechanistic underpinnings of drug addiction. Recent studies have begun to …