Glucocorticoid hormones were discovered to have use as potent anti-inflammatory and
immunosuppressive therapeutics in the 1940s and their continued use and development …

During the past 30 yr, investigating the physiology of eating behaviors has generated a truly
vast literature. This is fueled in part by a dramatic increase in obesity and its comorbidities …

Diet profoundly influences physiology. Whereas over-nutrition elevates risk for disease via
its influence on immunity and metabolism, caloric restriction and fasting appear to be …

Animals continuously weigh hunger and thirst against competing needs, such as social
contact and mating, according to state and opportunity. Yet neuronal mechanisms of sensing …

Fasting initiates a multitude of adaptations to allow survival. Activation of the hypothalamic–
pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and subsequent release of glucocorticoid hormones is a key …

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are commonly used at high doses and for prolonged periods (weeks
to months) in the treatment of a variety of diseases. Among the many side effects are …

Food intake follows a predictable daily pattern and synchronizes metabolic rhythms.
Neurons expressing agouti-related protein (AgRP) read out physiological energetic state …

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a typical member of the PTP family, considered
a direct negative regulator of several receptor and receptor-associated tyrosine kinases …

Body homeostasis is predominantly controlled by hormones secreted by endocrine organs.
The central nervous system contains several important endocrine structures, including the …

Glucose is the essential energy source for the brain, whose deficit, triggered by energy
deprivation or therapeutic agents, can be fatal. Increased appetite is the key behavioral …