Land surface models (LSMs) are a vital tool for understanding, projecting, and predicting the
dynamics of the land surface and its role within the Earth system, under global change …

Synthesizing trait observations and knowledge across the Tree of Life remains a grand
challenge for biodiversity science. Species traits are widely used in ecological and …

Plant functional traits can predict community assembly and ecosystem functioning and are
thus widely used in global models of vegetation dynamics and land–climate feedbacks. Still …

Plant traits—the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological
characteristics of plants—determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect …

The tundra is warming more rapidly than any other biome on Earth, and the potential
ramifications are far-reaching because of global feedback effects between vegetation and …

Plants invest a considerable amount of leaf nitrogen in the photosynthetic enzyme ribulose-
1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (RuBisCO), forming a strong coupling of nitrogen …

The frequency and intensity of droughts have increased over the decades, leading to
increased forest decline. The response of forest to drought can be evaluated by both its …

Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) are the primary elements involved in the growth and
development of plants. The C: N ratio is an indicator of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and an …

Foliar functional traits are widely used to characterize leaf and canopy properties that drive
ecosystem processes and to infer physiological processes in Earth system models. Imaging …

Photosynthetic carbon assimilation enables energy storage in the living world and produces
most of the biomass in the biosphere. Rubisco (d-ribulose 1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase …