Viral infections are a leading cause of myocarditis and pericarditis worldwide, conditions that
frequently coexist. Myocarditis and pericarditis were some of the early comorbidities …

Macroautophagy (herein referred to as autophagy) is an evolutionary ancient mechanism
that culminates with the lysosomal degradation of superfluous or potentially dangerous …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized, membranous structures secreted into the
extracellular space. They exhibit diverse sizes, contents, and surface markers and are …

Autophagy is a powerful tool that host cells use to defend against viral infection. Double-
membrane vesicles, termed autophagosomes, deliver trapped viral cargo to the lysosome …

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic cellular process that exerts antiviral
functions during a viral invasion. However, co-evolution and co-adaptation between viruses …

The genus Enterovirus (EV) of the family Picornaviridae includes poliovirus,
coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, numbered enteroviruses and rhinoviruses. These diverse …

An effective immune response requires the engagement of host receptors by pathogen‐
derived molecules and the stimulation of an appropriate cellular response. Therefore, a …

Autophagy is an intracellular bulk degradation system that is highly conserved in
eukaryotes. The discovery of autophagy-related ('ATG') proteins in the 1990s greatly …

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy.
Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered …

In enteric viral infections, such as those with rotavirus and norovirus, individual viral particles
shed in stool are considered the optimal units of fecal-oral transmission. We reveal that …