Interactions between the immune system and the nervous system have been described
mostly in the context of diseases. More recent studies have begun to reveal how certain …

Abstract Tumour Necrosis Factor α (TNFα), is an inflammatory cytokine produced by
macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and is responsible for a diverse range …

Cytokines are molecules secreted by peripheral immune cells, microglia, astrocytes and
neurons in the central nervous system. Peripheral or central inflammation is characterized …

Activation of microglia and expression of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) in the
CNS have become almost synonymous with neuroinflammation. In numerous studies …

Bilateral olfactory bulbectomy results in changes in behavior, and in the endocrine, immune
and neurotransmitter systems, that simulates many of those seen in patients with major …

The brain is not only immunologically active of its own accord, but also has complex
peripheral immune interactions. Given the central role of cytokines in …

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a common sleep related breathing disorder. Its
prevalence is estimated to be between 2% and 25% in the general population. However, the …

Fatigue is a debilitating symptom or side effect experienced by many patients on long-term
dialysis therapy. Fatigue has a considerable effect on patient health-related quality of life …

Abstract The cytokine interleukin 1 (IL-1) has diverse actions in the brain. In normal brain the
IL-1 system is expressed at low levels and is upregulated rapidly in response to local or …

Background: The extent to which sleep loss may predispose astronauts to a state of altered
immunity during extended space travel prompts evaluation with ground-based models …