Wastewater surveillance (WWS) has received significant attention as a rapid, sensitive, and
cost-effective tool for monitoring various pathogens in a community. WWS is employed to …

Background In resource-limited regions, relying on individual clinical results to monitor
community diseases is sometimes not possible. Establishing wastewater and non-sewered …

Historically, typhoid control has been achieved with water and sanitation interventions.
Today, in an era of rising antimicrobial resistance (AMR), two World Health Organization …

Background Environmental surveillance (ES) for Salmonella Typhi potentially offers a low-
cost tool to identify communities with a high burden of typhoid fever. Methods We developed …

Introduction Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi, fecal-oral transmitted bacterium,
have temporally and geographically heterogeneous pathways of transmission. Previous …

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is the causative agent of Typhoid fever. Blood
culture is the gold standard for clinical diagnosis, but this is often difficult to employ in …

Typhoid fever–an acute febrile disease caused by infection with the bacterium Salmonella
enterica serotype Typhi (S. Typhi)—continues to be a leading cause of global morbidity and …

Background Environmental surveillance (ES) for Salmonella Typhi potentially offers a
lowcost tool to identify communities with a high burden of typhoid fever. Methods We …