Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects peripheral
organs as well as the central nervous system and involves a fundamental role of …

Microglia represent a specialized population of macrophages-like cells in the central
nervous system (CNS) considered immune sentinels that are capable of orchestrating a …

Parkinson's disease (PD) displays a greater prevalence and earlier age at onset in men.
This review addresses the concept that sex differences in PD are determined, largely, by …

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of
dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta with a reduction of dopamine …

Parkinson's disease is characterised by a slow and progressive degeneration of
dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Despite intensive research, the cause of the …

While peripheral immune access to the central nervous system (CNS) is restricted and tightly
controlled, the CNS is capable of dynamic immune and inflammatory responses to a variety …

The classic view of estrogen actions in the brain was confined to regulation of ovulation and
reproductive behavior in the female of all mamamalian species studied, including humans …

Most acute and chronic neurodegenerative conditions are accompanied by
neuroinflammation; yet the exact nature of the inflammatory processes and whether they …

Almost a quarter of a century ago, interleukin-6 (IL-6) was discovered as an inflammatory
cytokine involved in B cell differentiation. Today, IL-6 is recognized to be a highly versatile …

Background/Objective: Anti-inflammatory drugs may prevent Parkinson disease (PD) by
inhibiting a putative underlying neuroinflammatory process. We tested the hypothesis that …